Joints of Stone Masonry | Type of Joints of Stone Masonry | General Principles Which Are Used in the Construction of Stone Masonry
Important Point
Joints of Stone Masonry
The construction which is done with the help of stones and bonded together with mortar is known as Stone Masonry. Stone Masonry is widely used where the stones are available in abundance. The stone masonry is the type of masonry construction which is done with stones and cement mortar.
Stone Masonry is used for the construction of foundations, walls, plinth, sand columns. In this article, you will get to know about the joints of stone masonry and types of joints in stone masonry.
Stone masonry is stronger and durable as compared to brick masonry. Stone masonry is used in the olden days for the construction of various Structures.
Stone Masonry is the art of building structures from stones. Stones are abundantly available in nature. Stones are cut and dressed into different shapes and prove to be economical material for Construction. In the stone masonry, some through stones are provided at the right angle.
Also, Read: What Is Dressing of Stone | Types of Dressing of Stone
General Principles Which Are Used in the Construction of Stone Masonry:
- The stones which are used in the construction of stone masonry should be hard, tough, and durable.
- The pressure which is acting on the stones should be in the vertical plane.
- The heads and the stones should not be of dumb bell shape.
- The stone should be dressed properly as per the requirements.
- A large flat stone should be used under the ends of girders and trusses two uniformly distributed loads.
- The water which is used in the construction of the stone masonry is of good quality.
- It is very necessary for to you give your stone masonry e in a proper manner for a period of 2 to 3 weeks after the construction.
- The plumb bob should be used to check the accurate verticality of the stone masonry walls.
- Stonemasonry should be design to take the compressive stresses and not tensile stresses.
Also, Read: What Is Quarrying of Stones | Methods of Quarrying | Selection of a Site for Quarrying of Stones
Type of Joints of Stone Masonry:
There are different types of joints in the stone masonry which helps to bond with each other.
- Butt or Square Joint.
- Rebated or Lapped Joint.
- Tongued and Grooved Joint.
- Cramped Joint.
- Tabled or Bed Joint.
- Plugged Joint.
- Dowelled Joint.
- Saddle Joint.
- Slate Joint.
#1. Butt or Square Joint
The butt joint is very simple and commonly used to join in the construction of stone masonry work. In the case of butt or square joint, the dressed edge of the two adjacent stones is placed side by side. The two adjacent stones which are placed in this type of joint are abutted with each other.
#2. Rebated or Lapped Joint
The lapped joints are provided in the stone masonry where the movements of the stone units have to be prevented. This type of joint is also known as rebated joints.
The rebates are also provided to prevent the movements of the stones. The length of rebates should not be less than 70 mm. These types of joints are widely used in the construction of earthwork and coping on gables.
#3. Tongued and Grooved Joint
In this type of joint, the stone is made by providing a tongue and a corresponding groove on the adjacent stones. This type of joint is provided to prevent sliding.
#4. Cramped Joint
In the case of the cramped joint, the holes are provided on the adjacent stones. The cramps are used in this type of joint to connect the stones.
The cramped are the pieces of non-corrosive material whose ends are turned down up to a depth of 4 to 5 cm. The length of the cramp varies from 200 mm to 300 mm. The hole must be cramped with the help of cement water after placing the cramp into its proper location.
#5. Tabled or Bed Joint
Tabled joints are used where the lateral pressure is very high and it is necessary to prevent it. In this type of joint, to prevent the lateral pressure at joggle is formed on the upper surface of the bed stone.
Recess is formed on the bottom surface of the stones which laying above the bed stone. The tabled joint is widely used where the lateral pressure is to be prevented such as in the case of sea walls.
#6. Plugged Joint
The plugged joint is the same as the cramped joint. In this type of joint, the cuts are made in the sites of adjacent stones after arranging the stones in the proper position. This type of joint is widely used for coping and cornices works.
#7. Dowelled Joint
In this type of joint a hole is made into each stone and the dowels of small pieces of hard stone or brass are used to connect the stones with the help of cement mortar.
The dowelled joint is used to prevent the adjacent stones against displacement or sliding. The thickness of the dowels is used of 5 cm and 10 to 15 cm long. This types of joints prevent unwanted displacement of these stones.
#8. Saddle Joint
A saddle joint is provided to protect the joints in of the cornices. This type of joint is also known as a water joint. Saddle joints are used in the cornices and other whether surfaces to divert the water away from the joint.
#9. Slate Joint
In this type of joint grooves are made on the sides of the surface of the adjacent stones. A piece of Slate is placed between the gross of the adjacent stones.
Also, Read: Tests on Stones | Crushing Strength Test, Water Absorption Test, Abrasion Test, Impact Test, Acid Test
Important Points Which Should Be Considered While Construction of the Stone Masonry:
Here are some points which should be observed in the construction of the stone masonry
- In the construction of the stone masonry, all these stones should be laid upon the natural beds.
- Stones which are used in masonry should be well seasoned hard tough and has a uniform texture.
- The stone should be free from defects like cracks and cavities.
- The vertical joints in stone masonry should be staggered.
- Proper bonding should be maintained throughout the construction of the stone masonry.
- Stones which are used for the construction of the stone masonry should be wetted before its use.
- Stone Masonry should be cured properly for at least two weeks.
- In the case of the Stratified rocks, the stone should be placed on its quarry bed surface in such a way that the line of pressure should be Normal.
Also, Read: Properties of Stones | Requirements of Good Building Stones
Joints of Stone Masonry
- Butt or Square Joint.
- Rebated or Lapped Joint.
- Tongued and Grooved Joint.
- Cramped Joint.
- Tabled or Bed Joint.
- Plugged Joint.
- Dowelled Joint.
- Saddle Joint.
- Slate Joint.
Basic Principles of Stone Masonry
- No stone should be laid taller than it is long, except at corners.
- Avoid block or running joints only one stone on at least one side of a vertical joint.
- Avoid setting more than three stones against a riser.
- Risers should be evenly distributed throughout the wall.
Important Points Which Should Be Considered While Construction of the Stone Masonry:
The stones which will be used in stone masonry must be enough strong, hard, durable, and well seasoned. It should ensure that the stones are well watered before using it. Otherwise, they will absorb water from the mortar, which leads to reduces the strength of the mortar joint.
Types of Stone Masonry Joints
Some of the most common installation styles and mortar joints for stone include drystacked, raked, flush, and overgrout. Then there are some more unique joints that are not as common such as trowel struck, German schmear, and beaded joint (sometimes referred to as a pipe, convex bead, or convex grapevine joint).
Best Jointing Techniques for Stone Masonry
Stone masonry involves the art of joining individual stones together to create a solid structure. The jointing technique you choose depends on factors such as the type of stone, the desired aesthetic, and the purpose of the structure. Here are some commonly used jointing techniques for stone masonry:
- Mortar Joints
- Dry Stone Joints
- Pinned Joints
- Split-faced Joints
- Veneer Joints
Common Stone Masonry Joint Patterns
Stone masonry joint patterns refer to the different ways in which individual stones are laid and the joints between them are formed. The choice of joint pattern can greatly affect the appearance and structural integrity of a stone masonry construction. Here are some common stone masonry joint patterns:
- Flush Joint
- Raked Joint
- Weathered Joint
- Struck Joint
- V-Joint
- Grapevine Joint
- Concave Joint
- Extruded Joint
How to Repair Stone Masonry Joints?
Repairing stone masonry joints can help restore the structural integrity and aesthetic appeal of the stonework. Here’s a general guide on how to repair stone masonry joints:
- Assess the damage
- Gather the necessary tools and materials
- Prepare the joints
- Mix the mortar
- Wet the joints
- Fill the joints
- Tool the joints
- Clean off excess mortar
- Allow curing time
Importance of Proper Jointing in Stone Masonry
The lack of properly located, detailed, specified, and installed masonry movement joints can result in damaged masonry and mortar joints, out-of-plane masonry, and unpleasing aesthetic condi- tions.
Which Stone Joint Is Used for Coping?
The plugged joint is the same as a cramped joint. In this joint dovetail-shaped cuts are made in the sides of adjacent stones. After arranging the stones in their proper position, molten lead is poured into the joint. This joint is mostly used for copings, cornices, etc works.
Stone Joints
“Stone joints” typically refer to the mortar joints used in the construction of stone structures such as walls, buildings, or monuments. Mortar is a mixture of cement, sand, and water that is used to bond stones together and provide stability to the structure. Stone joints play a crucial role in the overall strength and durability of the stone construction.
Cramped Joint in Stone Masonry
Cramped joint
A cramp is a piece of metal with ends turn down. A dovetail groove makes in two pieces of stone and the cramped place in position. Later the rest of the groove grout with lead or cement mortar.
Stone Masonry and Stone Joints
The common types of joints provided in stone masonry, to secure the stones firmly with each others are:
- Butt Joint or Square Joint.
- Rebated or Lapped Joint.
- Tongue and Grooved Joint or Joggle Joint.
- Tabled or Bed Joint.
- Cramped Joint.
- Plugged Joint.
- Dowelled Joint.
- Rusticated Joint.
Principles of Stone Masonry
The principles of stone masonry involve the fundamental techniques, guidelines, and considerations for working with stones to construct durable and aesthetically pleasing structures. Here are some key principles:
- Selection of Stones
- Foundation
- Mortar Mix
- Layout and Planning
- Cutting and Dressing
- Bonding and Joints
- Structural Stability
- Conservation and Restoration
Which Joint Is Provided to Protect the Joints of the Cornice?
Explanation: In Saddle or water joint, the stone is rounded off as shown in the given figure. This type of joint is provided to protect the joints of the cornice and such other weathered surfaces.
Which Stone Joint Is Used in Arch Work?
Rebated or Lapped Joint
This type of joint is provided in arches, gables, copings etc., to prevent the possible movement of the stones. The length of the rebates or lap depends upon the nature of the work, but it should not be less than 70mm.
How to Joint Stone?
Joining stones together typically involves using a strong adhesive or mortar to create a solid bond between the stones. The specific method you choose will depend on the type of stones you are working with and the purpose of the joint. Here is a general guide on how to join stones:
- Clean the stones
- Select an adhesive or mortar
- Prepare the adhesive or mortar
- Apply the adhesive or mortar
- Position the stones
- Remove excess adhesive or mortar
- Allow time to cure
What Is Saddle Joint?
Saddle joints are a type of synovial joint that allow articulation by reciprocal reception. Both bones have concave-convex articular surfaces which interlock like two saddles opposed to one another.
What Is Joggle in Column?
Joggled bar: When we provide lapping in the reinforcement bars, we bend either of the two bars to align them with each other. These bent-up bars are called joggled bars in the civil field. Sometimes, the bars provided in the structural members offset their original position due to technical and human errors.
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Stonemasonry is a wide topic to discuss as we can see. Due to its popularity, it’s still in-demand material for building different structures around the world.