General guidelines to be followed in preparing BBS: The bars should be grouped together for each structural unit, e.g., beam, etc. In a building structure, the bars should be listed floor by floor For cutting and bending purposes, schedules should be provided as separate A4 sheets and not … [Read more...]
How to Calculate Staircase | Concrete & Bar Bending Schedule (BBS) | Staircase Reinforcement Details
stair rise and run calculator Calculation of Staircase Three Different Parts as Below Concrete Calculation for Staircase Bar Bending Schedule for Staircase First, start the calculation of staircase sum basic knowledge of staircase Parts of Stairs Parts Names & … [Read more...]
House Construction Cost Calculator Excel Sheet
When we think about constructing a new house, probably one question will hit our minds that what would be the cost of construction. This common question arises in our minds when we decide to build a new home. To know the approximate cost of construction, we start searching for a source where … [Read more...]
What is Chain Surveying | Principles of Chain Surveying | Types of Chains Used in Surveying | Principle of Chain Surveying | Procedure of Chain Surveying | Obstacles in Chain Surveying
What Is Surveying? From ancient times, land surveys were conducted to determine the extent of land and to determine the area of land and to determine the area. Engineering projects such as dams, canals, roads, railways, water supply pipelines, sewage, wastewater, buildings, bridges, etc. have … [Read more...]
What Is Measurement Book | How to Write Measurement Book | Recording Measurement Book
What Is Measurement Book? "Measurement Book" is an important Record Where measurements are recorded for the work done by the contractor, or for the materials received in the site or services rendered MB belongs to the Division - and Can Be serially numbered Recording to whom issued, date of … [Read more...]
What Is Contour Interval | Calculation of Contour Intervals | Uses of Contour Intervals in Surveying
What Is Contour Interval? A contour interval is a vertical distance or difference in elevation between contour lines. Index contours are bold or thicker lines that appear at every fifth contour line. or A contour interval in the survey is the vertical distance or the difference in elevation … [Read more...]
What Is Construction Contract | Types of Engineering Contracts | Percentage-Rate Contract
What Is Construction Contract? Contract as per the Indian Contract Act 1872 means'agreements that are enforceable as such having been made with the free consent of the parties, by persons competent to contract for a lawful consideration and lawful object and which are not expressly declared to be … [Read more...]
What Is Prismatic Compass Surveying | Parts of Prismatic Compass | Uses of Prismatic Compass | Advantages & Disadvantages of Prismatic Compass
What Is Prismatic Compass Surveying? Prismatic compass survey is the kind of prismatic compass survey used only to determine the angles identified as bearing as well as the range is determined by the measuring tape. Prismatic compass is compact and flexible, normally borne by hand. This … [Read more...]
Difference Between Whole Circle Bearing and Quadrantal Bearing | What Is WCB | What Is QB
Introduction of WCB Vs. QB Whole circle bearing(WCB) and Quadrantal bearing(QB) are the two types of bearing which is used in the field of surveying for the purpose of measurement of the bearings. In this article, you will get to know about the whole circle bearing and Quadrantal bearing and … [Read more...]
What Is GIS In Surveying | Definitions of GIS | Parts & Work Flow of GIS | Advantages of GIS
What Is GIS In Surveying? GIS stands for a geographic information system. An information system is a computer program that manages data. A GIS is a type of information system that deals specifically with geographic or spatial information. GIS is a fastly growing technological field that … [Read more...]
Basic Plumbing System | Drainage System | Supply and Drainage Subsystems
Basic Plumbing System Plumbing follows the basic laws of nature - gravity-pressure, water seeking its own level. Knowing this, you can understand its "mysteries" and make dozens of corrections to your home's plumbing system. You can save time, trouble and money! Your home's plumbing system … [Read more...]
What Is Transit Theodolite | 24 Different Types of Theodolite Parts
Introduction of Transit Thelotie. Distance between two points (in a small area) is measured in chain survey. Horizontal angles between stations and objects are obtained in a compass survey with an accuracy of half a degree. Points on the ground are located with the help of angles and/or distances … [Read more...]
What Is Traversing in Surveying | Type of Traversing Surveying | Method of Traversing Surveying | Definition of Traversing Surveying
What is Traversing Surveying? (Traverse Definition) The word traverse means 'passing across.' In surveying, it means 'determining the lengths and directions of consecutive lines.' The linear measurements are made with tape or chain, and the relative directions of the lines are measured with a … [Read more...]
Building Layout | How to Building Layout | What Is Method of Layout of Building | Control Lines of Construction | Construction Layout
Building Layout After finalising the building plan and design of the structural component, including foundations, the construction activity can be started. After that, the first step in construction activity is site clearance. It was then marking foundation trenches which are going to be … [Read more...]
Principle of Plane Table Surveying Methods | Equipment | Error | Advantage | Limitation
Principle of Plane Table Survey The law of plane tabling is parallelism, meaning the rays drawn from stations to items on the paper are parallel to the lines in the stations to the objects on the ground. The relative positions of these objects on the ground are represented with their own plotted … [Read more...]
What Is Linear Measurement Surveying | Types of Linear Measurement Surveying
Introduction of Measuring Distance Distance measurement is usually regarded as the most fundamental of surveying observations. In traditional ground surveys, although many angles might be read, the length of at least one line has to be measured to supplement the angles in locating points. … [Read more...]
What Is EDM in Surveying | Types of EDM Instruments | Errors in EDM | Types of Error
What is EDM in Surveying? This EDM deals with the principles and procedures of separate Electronic distance measuring device (EDM) instruments that are mountable with optic/electronic theodolites. Original EDMs were individual units used only for distance measurements. EDM instruments used as … [Read more...]
What Are the Curves | Types of Curves in Surveying | What Are Horizontal Curves | Types of Horizontal Curves | What Are Vertical Curves | Types of Vertical Curves | Application of Curves
What Are the Curves? The gradual change of direction of regular bends is called curves. When the curves are provided in the horizontal plane, then it’s called a horizontal curve. When the curves are provided with some vertical elevation, then it’s called a vertical curve. Curves mainly change … [Read more...]
What Is Azimuths Surveying | What Is Bearings Surveying | Difference Between Azimuths and Bearings in Surveying
What Is Azimuths Surveying? Azimuths are defined as horizontal angles that are measured from the reference meridian in the clockwise direction. Azimuths are also called whole circle bearing systems (W.C.B). Azimuths are used in compass surveying, plane surveying, where it is generally measured from … [Read more...]
What Is Leveling | 5 Different Types of Leveling Methods
What Is Leveling? Leveling is the most widely used method for obtaining this elevation of ground points relative as a reference datum & is usually carried out as a separate procedure from that used for fixing a planimetric position. Leveling involves the measurement of a vertical distance … [Read more...]
What Is Levelling in surveying | Types of Levelling in surveying | Advantages & Disadvantages of Levelling in Surveying
Introduction to Levelling Levelling is one of the most important parts of surveying before starting the construction of roads, dams, or any other structures. It is a branch of surveying which deals with the measurement of the elevation of the point with respect to the datum level above or below … [Read more...]
Benchmark in Surveying | TBM in Surveying | GTS Benchmark| Permanent Benchmark | Arbitrary Benchmark
What is a Benchmark in Surveying? Benchmark is a permanent and temporary reference point in surveying. The term is usually applied to any item used to mark a point as an elevation reference. Type of Benchmark in Surveying? It is a relatively permanent point of reference whose elevation for some … [Read more...]
Prismatic Compass Survey Vs Surveyor Compass. | Least Count of Prismatic Compass & Surveyor Compass
Prismatic Compass Survey is part of the Compass survey. A compass survey is a branch of a survey. This position of an object is located using angular measurements determined by a compass and linear measurements using a chain or tape. Two different types of a Compass as per below Prismatic … [Read more...]
Hand Level Surveying | What Is Site Level | How to Use a Hand Level | Estimating Distance with a Sight Level
Hand Level Surveying Hand level is the device which is generally used by grading contractors and land surveyors. Hand level is worked by comparing multiple points against a reference point to found a height or horizontal distance. Hand level surveying is ideal for preliminary land survey work, … [Read more...]
Total Station in Surveying | Operations of Surveying | Advantage & Disadvantage of Surveying | Types of Surveying | Uses of Surveying
What Is a Total Station in Surveying? The most frequently used surveying instrument today is the total station (As per below figure No1). An entire station is a combination of a digital theodolite, an electronic distance measuring device (EDM) and a microprocessor with a memory unit. Total … [Read more...]
What Is Survey Levelling | Important Terms Related to Levelling | What Are Different Types of Levelling | Types of Trigonometric levelling
Introduction of Survey Levelling Survey levelling is the method by which we measure the elevation of one land with respect to others. It can also be defined as a method to find out the difference of elevations of different points on the earth’s surface. It helps surveyors and engineers to … [Read more...]
Difference Between Plane Surveying and Geodetic Surveying |What Is Geodetic Surveying | What Is Plane Surveying
What Is Geodetic Surveying? The geodetic surveying is that type of surveying which takes into account the curvature of the earth's surface for achieving high precision using principles of geodesy. It generally extends over large areas. What Is Plane Surveying? The plane surveying is that … [Read more...]
History of Remote Sensing | Application of Remote Sensing
History of Remote Sensing In the past time, the only way to store records was photography. The contemporary era of remote sensing, rise with the expansion of flight development. In 1858, the prominent name Nadar clicked pictures of Paris from his balloon. In that era, kites, messenger pigeons, … [Read more...]
Instrumental Errors in Leveling | Type of Errors in Leveling
Errors In Leveling As explained earlier, in levelling, it is possible to make blunders, systematic errors, and accidental errors. Proper note keeping and systematic Fieldwork will eliminate the first two, while multiple readings can reduce the third to a minimum. Blunders in levelling may … [Read more...]
How to Excavation Calculation in Excel Sheet | What Is Excavation | Important Point of Excavation as per IS Code
What Is Excavation? Excavation will be understood as the process of excavating and removing volumes of earth or other materials for the conformation of spaces where foundations, water tanks, concrete, masonry, and sections corresponding to hydraulic or sanitary systems will be housed according to … [Read more...]
What Is Passometer & Pedometer | Advantage of Passometer & Pedometer | Passometer Vs Pedometer
What Is Passometer? Passometer is an electromechanical and portable instrument, which count the number of paces or velocity of the body movement. It automatically records the number of paces. Its mechanism is being operated by the movement of the body. Passometer is an electromechanical … [Read more...]
What Is Building Bye-Laws | How Essential Building By Laws:
According to the definition, building bye-laws are the norms set forth by the government authorities such as Gandhinagar Urban Development Authority(GUDA), City Corporation and Developing Authorities, for instance, Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) in Bangalore, List of urban Development … [Read more...]
How to Structural Design a Building/House Step by Step Part-4 (Column Design)
As per our last article How to Structural Design a Building/House Step by Step Part-1, 2 & 3. In this article, we design slab load, slab depth, slab steel design, Slab beam design. Now in this article, we calculated a column design. Column Design Below Steps Column Design. 1. Column … [Read more...]
How to Find House Construction Cost
How to Find House Construction Cost Any house construction work started before need some basic detail like before staring work completion. How much cost requirement in house construction. Here, Before construction, we calculate two types of construction cost 1. Basic / Ruf / Lumsum … [Read more...]
Difference Between Carpet Area and Built-up Area
What Is Carpet Area? Carpet area means it is an accurate area that can freely be covered by a carpeted inner a house and is the area of the house, excluding the thickness of the inner walls. If you had to lay out a wall-to-wall carpet in your entire house, the chosen area covered would be the … [Read more...]
